Robert W. Howarth

Publications

 

Howarth, R. W.  2008.  Coastal nitrogen pollution:  A review of sources and trends globally and regionally.  Harmful Algae, in press.

Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais, R. B. Alexander, G. McIsaac, and R. W. Howarth. 2008. Characterization of nutrient and organic matter loads from the Mississippi River into the northern Gulf of Mexico.  Estuaries and Coasts, in press.

Boyer, E. W., and R. W. Howarth.  2008.  Nitrogen fluxes from rivers to the Coastal Oceans.  In D. Capone and others (editors), Nitrogen in the Sea, 2nd Edition.  In press.

Howarth, R. W.  2008.  Estimating atmospheric deposition in the northeastern United States:  Relevance to Narragansett Bay.  Pages 43-61 in A. Desbonnet and B. A. Costa-Pierce (eds.),  Science for Ecosystem Based Management.  Springer, NY.

Swaney, D., D. Scavia, R. W. Howarth, and R. M. Marino.  2007.  Estuarine classification and response to nitrogen loading:  Insights from simple ecological models.  Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science, in press.

Gettel, G. M., A. E. Giblin, and R. W. Howarth.  2007.  The effect of grazing by the snail, Lymnae elodes, on benthic N2 fixation and primary production in oligrophic, arctic lakes.  Limnol. Oceanogr.  52:  2398-2409.

Davidson, E., and R. Howarth.  2007.  Nutrients in synergy (News & Views).  Nature  449:  1000-1001.

Howarth, R. W., and R. Marino.  2006.  Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems:  Evolving views over 3 decades.  Limnol. Oceanogr., 51:  364-376.

Martinelli, L., and R. W. Howarth (eds.).  Nitrogen Cycling in the Americas:  Natural and Anthropogenic Influences and Controls.  Springer, Dordrecht.  427 pages.

Howarth, R. W., E. W. Boyer, R. Marino, D. Swaney, N. Jaworski, and C. Goodale.  2006.  The influence of climate on average nitrogen export from large watersheds in the northeastern United States.  Biogeochemistry  79:  163-186.

Chapin, F. S. III, G.M Woodwell, J. Randerson, G. Lovett, D. Baldocchi, D. A. Clark, M.E. Harmon, E. Rastetter, D. Schimel, R. Valentini, C. Wirth, J. Cole, M. Goulden, J. Harden, M. Heimann, R. Howarth, P. Matson, A.D. McGuire, J. Melillo, H. Mooney, J. Neff, R. Houghton, M. Pace, M.G. Ryan, S. Running, O. Sala, W. Schlesinger, D. Schulze.  2006.  Reconciling carbon cycle concepts, terminology, and methods.  Ecosystems  9:  1041-1050.

Martinelli, L. A, R. W. Howarth, E. Cuevas, S. Filoso, A. T. Austin, L. Donos, V. Huzsar, D. Keeney, L. L. Lara, C. LLerena, G. McIssac, E. Medina. J. Ortiz-Zaya, D. Scavia, D. W. Schindler, D. Soto, and A. Townsend.  2006.  Sources of reactive nitrogen affecting ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean:  current trends and future perspectives.  Biogeochemistry  79:  3-234.

Filoso, S., L. Martinelli, R. W. Howarth, E. W. Boyer, and F. Dentener. 2006.   Human activities changing the N cycle in Brazil.  Biogeochemistry  79:  61-89.

Marino, R., F. Chan, R. W. Howarth, M. L. Pace, and G. E. Likens.  2006.  Experimental tests of ecological constraints on planktonic nitrogen fixation in saline estuaries:  1.  Nutrient and trophic controls.  Marine Ecology Progress Series  309:  25-39.

Chan, F., R. Marino, R., R. W. Howarth, and M. L. Pace.  2006.  Experimental tests of ecological constraints on planktonic nitrogen fixation in saline estuaries:  1.  Mechanisms of trohpic control.  Marine Ecology Progress Series  309:  41-53.

Joye, S. B., V. H. Smith, R. W. Howarth, R. W. Bachmann, J. E. Cloern, R. E. Hecky, and D. W. Schindler (editors).  2006.  Eutrophication of Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems.  Limnol. Oceanogr. (special issue), Vol. 51, number 1, part 2.

Roberts, B. J., and R. W. Howarth.  2006.  Nutrient and light availability regulate the relative contribution of autotrophs and heterotrophs to respiration in freshwater pelagic ecosystems.  Limnol. Oceanogr.  51:  288-295. 

Howarth, R. W., R. Marino, D. P. Swaney, and E. W. Boyer.  2006.  Wastewater and watershed influences on primary productivity and oxygen dynamics in the lower Hudson River estuary.  Pages 121-139 in Levinton, J. S., and J. R. Waldman (editors), The Hudson River Estuary, Cambridge Univ. Press.

Howarth, R. W.  2006.  Atmospheric deposition and nitrogen pollution in coastal marine ecosystems.  Pages 97-116 in Visgilio, G. R., and D. M. Whitelaw (eds.), Acid in the Environment:  Lessons Learned and Future Prospects.  Springer, NY.

Boyer, E. W., R. W. Howarth., J. Galloway, F. J. Dentener, P. A. Green, and C. A. Vorosmarty.  2006.  Riverine nitrogen export from the continents to the coasts.  Global Biogeochemical Cycles  20, No. 1, GB1S91, 10.1029/2005GB002537

Howarth, R. W., K. Ramakrishna, E. Choi, R. Elmgren, L. Martinelli, A. Mendoza, W. Moomaw, C. Palm, R. Boy, M. Scholes, and Zhu Zhao-Liang.  2005.  Chapter 9:  Nutrient Management, Responses Assessment.  Pages 295-311 in Ecosystems and Human Well-being, Volume 3, Policy Responses, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.  Island Press, Washington, DC.

Howarth, R. W.  2005.  The development of policy approaches for reducing nitrogen pollution to coastal waters of the USA.  Science in China, Ser. C Life Sciences48:  791-806

Boyer, E. W., R. W. Howarth, J. N. Galloway, F. J. Dentener, C. Cleveland, G. P. Asner, P. Greene, and C. Vorosmarty.  2004.  Current nitrogen inputs to world regions.  Pages 221-230 in A. R. Mosier, J. K. Syers, and J. R. Freney (eds.), Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle.  SCOPE #65.  Island Press, Washington, DC.

Galloway, J. N., F. J. Dentener, D. G. Capone, E. W. Boyer, R. W. Howarth, S. P. Seitzinger, G. P. Asner, C. Cleveland, P. A. Green, E. Holland, D. M. Karl, A. Michaels, J. H. Porter, A. Townsend, and C. Vorosmarty.  2004.  Nitrogen cycles:  past, present, and future.  Biogeochemistry  70:  153-226.

Chan, F.  M. Pace, R.W. Howarth, and R. Marino. 2004.  Bloom formation in heterocystic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria: The dependence of colony size and zooplankton grazing.  Limnol. Oceanogr.  49:  2171-2178.

David, M. B., McIsaac, G. F., Howarth, R. W., Goodale, C. L., and LE Drinkwater, L. E.  2004.  Fertilizer:  Complex Issue Calls for Informed Debate.  Comment, Nature 427:  99.

Howarth, R. W., R. Marino, and D. Scavia.  2003.  Priority Topics for Nutrient Pollution in Coastal Waters:  An Integrated National Research Program for the United States.  National Ocean Service, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD.

Townsend, A. R., R. Howarth, F. A. Bazzaz, M. S. Booth, C. C. Cleveland, S. K. Collinge, A. P. Dobson, P. R. Epstein, E. A Holland, D. R. Keeney, M. A. Mallin, C. A. Rogers, P. Wayne, and A. H. Wolfe.  2003.  Human health effects of a changing global nitrogen cycle.  Frontiers in Ecology & Environment  1:  240-246.

Galloway, J. N., J. D. Aber, J. W. Erisman, S. P. Seitzinger, R. H. Howarth, E. B. Cowling, and B. J. Cosby.  2003.  The nitrogen cascade.  BioScience  53:  341-356.

Marino, R., R. W. Howarth, F. Chan, F., M. Pace, and G. E. Likens. 2003. Sulfate inhibition of molybdenum-dependent nitrogen fixation by planktonic cyanobacteria under seawater conditions: A non-reversible effect. Hydrobiologia 500: 277-293. 2003.

Townsend, A. R., R. W. Howarth, F. A. Bazzaz, M. S. Booth, C. C. Cleveland, S. K. Collinge, A. P. Dobson, P. R. Epstein, E. A. Holland, D. R. Keeney, M. A. Mallin, C. A. Rogers, P. Wayne, and A. H. Wolfe. 2003. Human health effects of a changing global nitrogen cycle. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1: 240-245.

Austin, A., R. W. Howarth, J. S. Baron, F. S. Chapin, T. R. Christensen, E. A. Holland, M. V. Ivanov, A. Y. Lein, L. Z. Martinelli, J. M. Melillo, and C. Shang. 2003. Human Disruption of Element Interactions: Drivers, Consequences, and Trends for the 21st Century. In Interactions of the major Biogeochemical Cycles: Global Change and Human Impacts, J. M. Melillo, C. B. Field, and B. Moldan, eds., pp. 15-45. SCOPE #61. Island Press, Washington, DC.

Galloway, J. N., J. D. Aber, J. W. Erisman, S. P. Seitzinger, R. W. Howarth, E. B. Cowling, and B. J. Cosby. 2003. The Nitrogen Cascade. BioScience 53: 341-356.

Howarth, R. W. 2003. Coastal ecosystems. In Acid Rain: Are the Problems Solved? J. C. White and J. Teninko, eds., pp. 65-74. American Fisheries Society Trends in Fisheries Science and Management 2, Bethesda, MD.

Howarth, R. W. 2003. Human Acceleration of the Nitrogen Cycle: Drivers, Consequences, and Steps Towards Solutions. In Proceedings of the Strong N and Agro 2003 IWA Specialty Symposium, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; E. Choi and Z. Yun, eds., pp. 3-12.

Howarth, R., Marino, R., and Scavia, D. 2003. Priority Topics for Nutrient Pollution in Coastal Waters: An Integrated National Research Program for the United States. National Ocean Service, NOAA, pp. 1-24.

Howarth, R. W., and D. M. Rielinger. 2003. Nitrogen from the atmosphere: Understanding and reducing a major cause of degradation of our coastal waters. Science and Policy Bulletin #8, Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, NOAA.

Howarth, R. W., E. W. Boyer, W. J. Pabich, and J. N. Galloway. 2002. Nitrogen use in the United States from 1961-200 and potential future trends. Ambio 31: 88-96.

Howarth, R. W., D. Walker, and A. Sharpley. 2002. Sources of nitrogen pollution to coastal waters of the United States. Estuaries 25: 656-676.

Howarth, R. W. 2002. Nutrient over-enrichment of coastal waters in the United States: Steps toward a solution. Pew Oceans Commission, Washington, DC.

Howarth, R. W., D. Scavia, and R. Marino. 2002. Nutrient Pollution in Coastal Waters ­ Priority Topics for an Integrated National Research Program for the United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Springs, MD.

Howarth, R. W. 2002. The nitrogen cycle. Pages 429-435 in H. A. Mooney and J. G. Canadell (eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. Vol. 2, the Earth System: Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. Wiley, Chichester.

Marino, R., F. Chan, R. Howarth, M. Pace, and G. Likens. 2002. Ecological and biogeochemical interactions constrain planktonic nitrogen fixation in estuaries. Ecosystems. 5: 719-725.

Scavia, D., J. C. Field, Boesch, R. Buddemeier, V. Burkett, D. Canyan, M. Fogarty, M. A. Harwell, R. W. Howarth, C. Mason, D. J. Reed, T. C. Royer, A. H. Sallenger, J. G. Titus. 2002. Climate change impacts on US coastal and marine ecosystems. Estuaries 25: 149-164.

Boyer, E. W., and R. W. Howarth (editors). 2002. Global and Regional Synthesis of the Nitrogen Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht. 519 pages.

Vitousek, P. M., K. Cassman, C. Cleveland, T. Crews, C. B. Field, N. B. Grimm, R. W. Howarth, R. Marino, L. Martinelli, E. B. Rastetter, and J. I. Sprent. 2002. Towards an ecological understanding of biological nitrogen fixation. Biogeochemistry 57&58: 1-45.

Van Breemen, N., E. W. Boyer, C. L. Goodale, N. A. Jaworski, S. Seitzinger, K. Paustian, L. Hetling, K. Lajtha, M. Eve, B. Mayer, D. van Dam, R. W. Howarth, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and G. Billen. 2002. Nitrogen budgets for 16 watersheds draining to the northeaster US coast: storage and losses of nitrogen inputs. Biogeochemistry 57&58: 267-293.

Seitzinger, S. P., R. V. Styles, E. W. Boyer, R. Alexander, G. Billen, R. Howarth, B. Mayer, and N. van Breemen. 2002. Nitrogen retention in rivers: model development and application to watersheds in the northeastern US. Biogeochemistry 57&58: 199-237.

Boyer, E. W., C. L. Goodale, N. A. Jaworski, and R. W. Howarth. 2002. Effects of anthropogenic nitrogen loading on riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern US. Biogeochemistry 57&58: 137-169.

Mayer, B., N. Jaworski, E. Boyer, R. Howarth, C. Goodale, L. Hetlaning, S. Seitzinger, G. Billen, R. Alexnader, N. van Breemen, K. Paustian, D. van Dam, K. Lajtha, and K. Nadelhoffer. 2002. On the feasibility of using the nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrate for describing the origin of riverine nitrate and N transformations in large watersheds. Biogeochemistry 57&58: 238-266.

Tilman D., J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D'Antonio, A. Dobson, R.W. Howarth, D. Schindler, W. Schlesinger, D. Simberloff, D. Swackhamer. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292: 281-284.

Howarth, R. W. 2001. Hypoxia, fertilizer, and the Gulf of Mexico (letter). Science 292: 1485-1486.

Howarth, R. W., D. Anderson, J. Cloern, C. Elfring, C. Hopkinson, B. Lapointe, T. Malone, N. Marcus, K. McGlathery, A. Sharpley, and D. Walker. 2000. Nutrient pollution of coastal rivers, bays, and seas. Issues in Ecology 7: 1-15.

Howarth, R. W., D. Swaney, T. J. Butler, and R. Marino. 2000. Climatic control on eutrophication of the Hudson River estuary. Ecosystems 3: 210-215.

Tartowski, S., and R. W. Howarth. 2000. Nitrogen, nitrogen cycling. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. 4: 377-388.

Sala, O., R. Jackson, H. Mooney, and R. W. Howarth (editors.). 2000. Methods in Ecosystem Science, Springer, NY. 430 pages.

Howarth, R.W., and A. F. Michaels. 2000. The measurement of primary production in aquatic ecosystems. Pages 72-85 in: O. Sala, R. Jackson, H. Mooney, and R. W. Howarth (eds.), Methods in Ecosystem Science, Springer, NY.

Howarth, R. W., N. Jaworski, D. Swaney, A. Townsend, and G. Billen. 2000. Some approaches for assessing human influences on fluxes of nitrogen and organic carbon to estuaries. Pages 17-41 in: Hobbie, J. E., (editor), Estuarine Synthesis: The Next Decade. Island Press, Washington, DC.

Fisher, T. R., D. Correll, R. Costanza, J. T. Hollibaugh, C. S. Hopkinson, R. W. Howarth, N. N. Rabalais, J. E. Richey, C. Vorosmarty, and R. Wiegert. 2000. Synthesizing drainage basin inputs to coastal systems. Pages 81-101 in: Hobbie, J. E., (editor), Estuarine Synthesis: The Next Decade. Island Press, Washington, DC.

Howarth, R. W. 2000. Review of "Estuary restoration and maintenance: the National Estuary Program" Limnology & Oceanography. 45: 1889.

Howarth, R.W., F. Chan, and R. Marino. 1999. Do top-down and bottom-up controls interact to exclude nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria from the plankton of estuaries: explorations with a simulation model. Biogeochemistry 46: 203-231.

Downing, J. A., M. McClain, R. Twilley, J. M. Melack, J. Elser, N. N. Rabalais, W. M. Lewis, R. E. Turner, J. Corredor, D. Soto, A. Yanez-Arancibia, and R. W. Howarth. 1999. The impact of accelerating land-use change on the N-cycle of tropical aquatic ecosystems: Current conditions and projected changes. Biogeochemistry 46: 109-148.

Corredor, J.E., R. W. Howarth, R. R. Twilley, and J. M. Morell. 1999. Nitrogen cycling and anthropogenic impact in the tropical interAmerican seas. Biogeochemistry 46: 163-178.

Howarth, R. W., and R. Marino. 1999. Oil spills: Containment and clean-up. Pages 456-458 in D. E. Alexander and R. W. Fairbridge (editors), Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

Swaney, D. P., R. W. Howarth, and T. J. Butler. 1999. A novel approach for estimating ecosystem production and respiration in estuaries: application to the oligohaline and mesohaline Hudson River estuary. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44: 1509-1521.

Cleveland, C. C., A. R. Townsend, D. S. Schimel, H. Fisher, R. W. Howarth, L. O. Hedin, S. S. Perakis, E. F. Latty, J. C. von Fischer, A. Elseroad, and M. F. Wasson. 1999. Global patterns of terrestrial biological nitrogen (N2) fixation in natural systems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13: 623-645.

Howarth, R. W., and R. Marino. 1998. A mechanistic approach to understanding why so many estuaries and brackish waters are nitrogen limited. In: Effects of Nitrogen in the Aquatic Environment (pages 117-136), KVA Report 1998: 1, Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences), Stockholm.

Carpenter, S. R., N. F. Caraco, D. L. Correll, R. W. Howarth, A. N. Sharpley, and V. H. Smith. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8: 559-568.

Carpenter, S. R., N. F. Caraco, D. L. Correll, R. W. Howarth, A. N. Sharpley, and V. H. Smith. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Issues in Ecology 3: 1-12.

Sherman, R. E., T. J. Fahey, and R. W. Howarth. 1998. Soil-plant interactions in a neotropical mangrove forest: iron, phosphorous, and sulfur dynamics. Oecologia 115: 553-563.

Jensen, H. S., K. J. McGlathery, R. Marino, and R. W. Howarth. 1998. Forms and availability of sediment phosphorus in carbonate sand of Bermuda seagrass beds. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43: 799-810.

Howarth, R. W. 1998. An assessment of human influences on inputs of nitrogen to the estuaries and continental shelves of the North Atlantic Ocean. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 52: 213-223.

Breitburg, D. L., J. Baxter, C. Hatfield, T. W. Howarth, C. G. Jones, G. M. Lovett, and C. Wigand. 1998. Understanding Effects of Multiple Stressors: Ideas and Challenges. Pages 416-431 in M. Pace and P. Groffman (editors), Success, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science, Springer, NY.

Vitousek, P.M., J. Aber, S. E. Bayley, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson, D. W. Schindler, W. H. Schlesinger, and G. D. Tilman. 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Causes and consequences. Issues in Ecology 1: 1-15.

Vitousek, P.M., J. Aber, S. E. Bayley, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson, D. W. Schindler, W. H. Schlesinger, and G. D. Tilman. 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Causes and consequences. Ecological Applications 7: 737-750.

Jaworksi, N. A., R. W. Howarth, and L.J. Hetling. 1997. Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen Oxides onto the Landscape Contributes to Coastal Eutrophication in the Northeast US. Environmental Science & Technology 31: 1995-2004.

Moore, M. H., M. Pace, J. Mather , P. S. Murdoch, R. W. Howarth, C. L. Folt, C. Y. Chen, H. F. Hemond, P. A. Flebbe, and C. T. Driscoll. 1997. Potential effects of climate change on the freshwater ecosystems of the New England/mid-Atlantic region. Water Resources 11: 925-947.

Jaworski, N. A., and R. W. Howarth. 1996. Preliminary estimates of the pollutant loads and fluxes into the northeast shelf LME. Pages 351-357 in K. Sherman, N. A. Jaworski, and T. J. Smayda (eds.), The Northeast Shelf Ecosystem: Assessment, Sustainability, and Management. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA.

Howarth, R. W., G. Billen, D. Swaney, A. Townsend, N. Jarworski, K. Lajtha, J. A. Downing, R. Elmgren, N. Caraco, T. Jordan, F. Berendse, J. Freney, V. Kueyarov, P. Murdoch, and Zhu Zhao-liang. 1996. Riverine inputs of nitrogen to the North Atlantic Ocean: Fluxes and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35: 75-139..

Galloway, J., R. W. Howarth, J. Prospero, S. Nixon, and A. Michaels. 1996. Summary of the nitrogen cycle for the North Atlantic Ocean and its watersheds and airshed. Biogeochemistry 35: 3-25.

Howarth, R. W. (editor) 1996. Nitrogen Cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean and its Wastersheds (special issue of Biogeochemistry).. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

Howarth, R. W., R. Schneider, and D. Swaney. 1996. Metabolism and organic carbon fluxes in the tidal, freshwater Hudson River. Estuaries 19: 848-865.

Swaney, D. P., D. Sherman, and R. W. Howarth. 1996. Modeling water, sediment, and organic carbon discharges in the Hudson-Mohawk Basin: coupling to terrestrial sources. Estuaries 19: 833-847.

Howarth, R. W., H. Jensen, R. Marino, and H. Postma. 1995. Transport to and processing of phosphorus in near-shore and oceanic waters. Pages 323-345 in H. Tiessen (ed.), Phosphorus in the Global Environment, SCOPE #54. Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Fisher, T. R., J. M. Melack, J. U. Grobbelaar, and R. W. Howarth. 1995. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton and eutrophication of inland, estuarine, and marine waters. Pages 301-322 in H. Tiessen (ed.), Phosphorus in the Global Environment, SCOPE #54. Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Howarth, R. W., D. Swaney, R. Marino, T. Butler, and C. R. Chu. 1995. Turbulence does not prevent nitrogen fixation by plankton in estuaries and coastal seas (reply to the comment of Paerl et al.). Limnol. Oceanogr. 40: 639-643.

McGlathery, K. J., R. Marino, and R. W. Howarth. 1994. Variable rates of phosphate uptake by shallow marine sediments: Mechanisms and ecological significance. Biogeochemistry 25: 127-146.

Schaffner, W. R., N. G. Hairston, Jr., and R. W. Howarth. 1994. Feeding rates and filament clipping by crustacean zooplankton consuming cyanobacteria. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 2375-2381.

Howarth, R. W. 1993. Microbial processes in salt-marsh sediments. In T. E. Ford (ed.), Aquatic Microbiology: An Ecological Approach (pp. 239-259). Blackwell, Oxford.

Howarth, R. W. 1993. The role of nutrients in Coastal Waters. Appendix A in: Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas (pp. 137-158). Report of the Committee on Alternatives for Wastewater Management in Coastal Urban Areas, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

Cole, J. J., J. M. Lane, R. Marino, and R. Howarth. 1993. Molybdenum assimilation by cyanobacteria and phytoplankton in freshwater and salt waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38: 25-35.

Howarth, R. W. 1993. River sciences: A review of the rivers handbook, vol. a, hydrological and ecological principles. BioScience 43: 17-21.

Howarth, R. W., T. Butler, K. Lunde, D. Swaney, and C. R. Chu. 1993. Turbulence and planktonic nitrogen fixation: A mesocosm experiment. Limnol Oceanogr. 38: 1696-1711.

Marino, R. and R. W. Howarth. 1993. Atmospheric oxygen exchange in the Hudson River: Dome measurements and comparison with other natural waters. Estuaries 16: 433-445.

Howarth, R. W. and J. W. B. Stewart. 1992. The interactions of sulphur with other element cycles. In: R. W. Howarth, J. W. B. Stewart, and M. V. Ivanov (eds), Sulphur Cycling on the Continents: Wetlands, Terrestrial Ecosystems, and Associated Water Bodies. SCOPE. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K.

Howarth, R.W., J. W. B. Stewart, and M. V. Ivanov (editors). 1992. Sulphur Cycling on the Continents: Wetlands, Terrestrial Ecosystems, and Associated Water Bodies. SCOPE. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K.

McGlathery, K. J., R. W. Howarth, and R. Marino. 1992. Nutrient limitation of the macroalga, Penicillus capitatus, associated with subtropical seagrass meadows in Bermuda. Estuaries 15: 18-25.

Howarth, R. W. 1992. Indirect effects of sulfur on the carbon cycle of aquatic ecosystems: Molybdenum availability, planktonic nitrogen fixation, and nitrogen limitation. In E. T . Degens, S. Kempe, A. Lein, and Y. Soroken, (eds.) Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles in Aqueous Ecosystems. Proceedings of SCOPE/UNEP workshop at Listvyanka/Irkutsk, USSR, September 2-8, 1988. University of Hamburg.

Giblin, A. E., G. E. Likens, and R. W. Howarth. 1992. The importance of reduced inorganic sulfur to the sulfur cycle of lakes. In E. T . Degens, S. Kempe, A. Lein, and Y. Soroken, (eds.) Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles in Aqueous Ecosystems. Proceedings of SCOPE/UNEP workshop at Listvyanka/Irkutsk, USSR, September 2-8, 1988. University of Hamburg.

Howarth, R. W., R. Marino, R. Garritt, and D. Sherman. 1992. Ecosystem respiration in a large, tidally influenced river: The Hudson River. Biogeochemistry 16: 83-102.

Vitousek, P. M., and R. W. Howarth. 1991. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea. How can it occur? Biogeochemistry 13: 87-115.

Howarth, R. W. and R. Marino. 1991. Oil and water-- a bad mix. Pages 40-53 in: Science Year. World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago.

Howarth, R. W., J. R. Fruci, and D. M. Sherman. 1991. Inputs of sediment and carbon to an estuarine ecosystem: Influence of land use. Ecological Applications 1: 27-39.

Kitchell, J. F., S. R. Carpenter, S. Bayley, K. C. Ewel, R. W. Howarth, S. W. Nixon, and D. W. Schindler. 1991. Aquatic ecosystem experiments in the context of global climate change: working group report. In: H. Mooney et al. (eds.), Ecosystem Experiments. SCOPE, John Wiley and Sons, Chinchester, U.K.

Howarth, R. W. 1991. Assessing the ecological effects of oil pollution from outer continental shelf oil development. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 11: 1-8.

Howarth, R. W. 1991. Comparative responses of aquatic ecosystems to toxic chemical stress. In: J. Cole, G. Lovett, and S. Findlay (eds.), Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Theories (pp 169-195). Springer-Verlag, NY.

Morin, A., K. D. Hambright, N. G. Hairston, Jr., D. M. Sherman, and R. W. Howarth. 1991. Consumer control of gross primary production in replicate freshwater ponds. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 24: 1512-1516.

Howarth, R. W. and R. Marino. 1991. Oil in the Oceans. Greenpeace, London.

Giblin, A. E., G. E. Likens, G. E., and R. W. Howarth. 1991. Reply to the comments by Robert Stauffer on "Sulfur storage and alkalinity generation in New England lake sediments" by Giblin et al. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36: 1265.

Muramoto, J., S. Honjo, B. Fry, J. Hay, R. Howarth, and J. Cisne. 1991. Sulfur, iron, and organic carbon fluxes in the Black Sea: Sulfur isotopic evidence for origin of sulfur fluxes. Deep Sea Research 38: S1151-S1187

Giblin, A. E., G. E. Likens, D. White, and R. W. Howarth. 1990. Sulfur storage and alkalinity generation in New England lake sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 852-869

Marino, R., R.W. Howarth, J. Shamess, and E.E. Prepas. 1990. Molybdenum and sulfate as controls on the abundance of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in saline lakes in Alberta. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 245-259

Howarth, R. W., and R. Marino. 1990. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the plankton of lakes and estuaries: A reply to the comment by Smith. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 1859-1863.

Howarth, R. W., J. Boreman, G. Colvin, C. Decker, S. Findlay, J., Levinton, R. Malouf, J. Waldman, and P Woodhead. 1990. Report of the working group on "ecosystems and fisheries". Pages. 24-37 in: A Research Program for the Hudson River Estuary. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. No. 3-1990.

Howarth, R. W. 1989. Determining the ecological effects of oil pollution in marine ecosystems. In S. A. Levin, M. A. Harwell, J. R. Kelly, and K. D. Kimball, (eds.) Problems in Ecotoxicology. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Howarth, R. W., R. Marino, J. Lane, and J. J. Cole. 1988. Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. l. Rates and importance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33: 669-687.

Howarth, R. W., R. Marino, and J. J. Cole. 1988. Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. 2. Biogeochemical controls. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33: 688-701.

Lodge, D. M., J. W. Barko, D. Strayer, R. W. Howarth, J. Melack, B. Menge, G. G. Mittelbach, and J. E. Titus. 1988. Spatial heterogeneity in lake communities: the benthos and habitat interactions. In S. Carpenter (ed.), Complex Interactions in Lake Communities. pp181-208. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Howarth, R. W. 1988. Nutrient limitation of net primary production in marine ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics 19: 89-110.

Novelli, P. C., A. R. Michelson, M. J. Scranton, G. T. Banta, J. E. Hobbie, and R. W. Howarth. 1988. Hydrogen and acetate cycling in two sulfate reducing sediments: Buzzards Bay and Town Cove, Massachusetts. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 52: 2477-2486.

Peterson, B. J. and R. W. Howarth. 1987. Sulfur, carbon and nitrogen isotopes used to trace organic matter flow in the salt marsh estuaries of Sapelo Island, Georgia. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22: 1195-1213.

Gallagher, J. L. and R. W. Howarth. 1987. Seasonal differences in Spartina recoverable underground reserves in the Great Sippewissett Marsh in Massachusetts. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 25: 313-319.

Howarth, R. W. 1987. Potential impacts of petroleum on the biotic resources of Georges Bank. In R. Backus (ed.), An Atlas of Georges Bank. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Luther, G. W., T. M. Church, A. E. Giblin, and R. W. Howarth. 1986. Speciation of dissolved sulfur in salt marshes by polarographic methods. Pages 340-355 in M. Sohn (ed.), Organic Marine Geochemistry. American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.

Peterson, B. J., R. W. Howarth, and R. H. Garritt. 1986. Sulfur and carbon isotopes as tracers of salt-marsh organic matter flow. Ecology 67: 865-874.

Whelan, J. K., R. Oremland, M. Tarata, R. Smith, R. Howarth, and C. Lee. 1986. Evidence for sulfate reducing and methane producing microorganisms in sediments from sites 618, 619, and 622. Reports of the Deep-Sea Drilling Project.

Cole, J. J., R. W. Howarth, S. S. Nolan, and R. Marino. 1986. Sulfate inhibition of molybdate assimilation by planktonic algae and bacteria: some implications for the aquatic nitrogen cycle. Biogeochemistry 2: 179-196.

Peterson, B. J., R. W. Howarth, and R. H. Garritt. 1985. Multiple stable isotopes used to trace the flow of organic matter in estuarine food webs. Science 227: 1361-1363.

Rowe, G. and R. W. Howarth. 1985. Early diagenesis of organic matter in sediments off the coast of Peru. Deep-Sea Res. 32: 43-55.

Howarth, R. W. and J. J. Cole. 1985. Molybdenum availability, nitrogen limitation, and phytoplankton growth in natural waters. Science 229: 653-655.

Giblin, A. and R. W. Howarth. 1984. Pore water evidence for a dynamic sedimentary iron cycle in salt marshes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 47-63.

Howarth, R. W. 1984. The ecological significance of sulfur in the energy dynamics of salt marsh and marine sediments. Biogeochemistry 1: 5-27.

Howarth, R. W. 1984. Global sulfur budgets, a review of "The Global Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle, SCOPE 19" edited by M. B. Ivanov and J. R. Freney. Ecology 65: 1336.

Howarth, R. W., and B. B. Jorgensen. 1984. Formation of 35S-labelled elemental sulfur and pyrite in coastal marine sediments (Limfjorden and Kysing Fjord, Denmark) during short-term 35SO42- reduction measurements. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 48: 1807-1818.

Howarth, R. W. and R. Marino. 1984. Sulfate reduction in salt marshes, with some comparisons to sulfate reduction in microbial mats. Pages 245-263 in Y. Cohen, R. W. Castenholz, and H. O. Halvorson (eds.), Microbial Mats: Stromatolites. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.

Howarth, R. W. and S. Merkel. 1984. Pyrite formation and the measurement of sulfate reduction in salt marsh sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 598-608.

Teal, J. M. and R. W. Howarth. 1984. Oil spill studies: a review of ecological effects. Environmental Management 8: 27-44.

Howarth, R. W. and A. Giblin. 1983. Sulfate reduction in the salt marshes at Sapelo Island, Georgia. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28: 70-82.

Howarth, R. W., A. Giblin, J. Gale, B. J. Peterson, and G. W. Luther. 1983. Reduced sulfur compounds in the pore waters of a New England salt marsh. In R. O. Hallberg (ed.), Environmental Biogeochemistry. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 35: 135-152.

Peterson, B. J., P. A. Steudler, R. W. Howarth, A. I. Friedlander, D. Juers, and F. P. Bowles. 1983. Tidal export of reduced sulfur from a salt marsh ecosystem. In R. O. Hallberg (ed.), Environmental Biogeochemistry. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 35: 153-165.

Howarth, R. W. 1982. Debunking the myth of the "inexhaustible" ocean, a review of "The Oceans: Our Last Resource" by W. Marx. Technology Review 85: 85-86.

Howarth, R. W. and J. E. Hobbie. 1982. The regulation of decomposition and heterotrophic microbial activity in salt marsh soils. Pages 183-207 in V. S. Kennedy (ed.), Estuarine Comparisons. Academic Press, New York.

Luther, G. W., A. Giblin, R. W. Howarth, and R. A. Ryans. 1982. Pyrite and oxidized iron mineral phases in salt marsh and estuarine sediments. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 46: 2665-2669.

Valiela, I., B. L. Howes, R. W. Howarth, A. Giblin, K. Foreman, J. M. Teal, and J. E. Hobbie. 1982. The regulation of primary production and decomposition in a salt marsh ecosystem. Pages 151-168 in B. Gopal, R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. Whigham (eds.), Wetlands: Ecology and Management. Proceedings of First International Wetlands Conference, New Delhi, India, September 1980.

Howarth, R. W. 1981. Fish versus fuel: a slippery quandary. Technol. Review 83: 68-77.

Howarth, R. W. 1981. Oil and fish: can they coexist? Pages 49-72 in Coast Alert: Scientists Speak Out. Friends of the Earth Publishers, San Francisco.

Howes, B. L., R. W. Howarth, J. M. Teal, and I. Valiela. 1981. Oxidation-reduction potentials in a salt marsh: 1. Spatial patterns and interactions with primary production. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26: 350-360.

Teal, J. M. and R. W. Howarth. 1981. Biological effects of oil spills. Background paper, NAS Panel on Petroleum in the Marine Environment.

Howarth, R. W. and J. M. Teal. 1980. Energy flow in a salt marsh ecosystem: the role of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds. American Naturalist 116: 862-872.

Lee, C. L., R. W. Howarth, and B. L. Howes. 1980. Sterols in decomposing Spartina alterniflora and the use of ergosterol in estimating the contribution of fungi to detrital nitrogen. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 290-303.

Peterson, B. J., R. W. Howarth, F. Lipshultz, and D. Ashendorf. 1980. Salt marsh detritus: an alternative interpretation of stable carbon isotope ratios and the fate of Spartina alterniflora. Oikos 34: 173-177.

Howarth, R. W. 1979. The role of sulfur in salt marsh metabolism. Ph.D. thesis, MIT/WHOI Joint Program (SeaGrant publ. #WHOI 79-39).

Howarth, R. W. 1979. Pyrite: its rapid formation in a salt marsh and its importance to ecosystem metabolism. Science 203: 49-51.

Howarth, R. W. and J. M. Teal. 1979. Sulfate reduction in a New England salt marsh. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24: 999-1013.

Hall, C. A. S., R. W. Howarth, B. Moore, and C. J. Vorosmarty. 1978. Environmental impacts of industrial energy systems in the coastal zone. Annual Review of Energy 3: 395-475.

Howarth, R. W. 1978. A rapid and precise method for determining sulfate in seawater, estuarine waters, and sediment pore waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23: 1066-1069.

Connor, M. S. and R.W. Howarth. 1977. Potential effects of oil production on Georges Bank communities: A review of the draft environmental impact statement of outer continental shelf oil and gas lease sale no. 42. SeaGrant publ. #WHOI 77-1.

Howarth, R. W. and S. G. Fisher. 1976. The dynamics of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus during leaf decomposition in stream micro-ecosystems. Freshwater Biol. 6: 221-228.

Whitney, D., G. M. Woodwell, and R. W. Howarth. 1975. Nitrogen Fixation in Flax Pond, a Long Island salt marsh. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20: 640-643.